1.
Discuss the mechanisms for the following nasal functions: respiratory airway, humidification and filtration of inspired air, olfaction, nasal resonance in speech, and defense against viral and bacterial pathogens.
2.
Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the nose and how it impacts submucosal vascular and glandular functions.
3.
Describe the normal nasal cycle. What is paradoxical nasal obstruction?
Reference(s):
Kim, H. Y., Dhong, H.-J., Hong, S. D., Lee, H. J., Cho, H. J., & Chung, S. K. (2007). Paradoxical nasal obstruction: analysis of characteristics using acoustic rhinometry. American Journal of Rhinology, 21(4), 408–411.
4.
Describe the histology of respiratory epithelium. Where is it located in the nose? What other types of epithelium can be found in the nose? Where are these other types of epithelium located in the nasal cavity?
5.
Describe normal mucociliary clearance and discuss the role of nasomucociliary clearance, ciliary beat frequency and electron microscopy in the evaluation of mucociliary function.
6.
Describe methods to measure mucocilary transport. What tests are used to diagnosis cystic fibrosis and primary immunodeficiency diseases?
7.
What is primary ciliary dyskinesia? What is acquired (secondary) ciliary dyskinesia? Describe the normal ultra structure and function of cilia.
8.
Describe the relevant signs and symptoms present with nasal obstruction. What are the differences seen in the clinical presentations of patients with fixed versus functional nasal obstruction?
9.
Where are the nasal valves? Can the nasal valves compensate for increased airway resistance? How? How can the competency of the nasal valve be assessed?
10.
What is the three-pass technique for nasal endoscopy?
11.
Discuss the roles of rhinomanometry and nasal peak flow in the assessment of the nasal airway. How does acoustic rhinometry differ from rhinomanometry?
12.
Does the subjective sensation of nasal obstruction correlate with objective measures of nasal patency? Describe any implications for surgical planning and informed consent.
13.
How do nasal strips work to improve sleep apnea and snoring?
14.
Discuss radiographic work-up (benefits) of CT vs. MRI in nasal obstruction.
15.
Discuss important landmarks of the sinuses and what plane you can evaluate them on CT scan.