1.
Describe the pathophysiology of hemangiomas vs. vascular malformations.
2.
Port-wine stains, strawberry hemangiomas, cavernous hemangiomas, cystic hygromas, vascular malformation…..is there a difference? Provide a classification scheme that provides a framework for understanding these vascular lesions.
3.
Discuss the epidemiology and natural history of hemangiomas and vascular malformations.
4.
What are the different types of hemangiomas?
5.
What are the stages (both location and radiologic appearance) of lymphatic malformations?
6.
What is the radiographic appearance of hemangioma vs. vascular malformations? Discuss ultrasound, CT and MRI findings.
7.
List potential local and systemic complications associated with hemangiomas and vascular malformations.
8.
What are common syndromes involving vascular anomalies?
9.
Discuss the indications and therapeutic options for non-invasive and invasive treatment of hemangiomas.
10.
Briefly discuss the treatment options for capillary, venous and AV malformations. Why do the treatment options differ from those of hemangiomas?
11.
Discuss the indications and therapeutic options for non-invasive and invasive treatment of lymphatic malformations.
12.
What are the different types of sclerotherapy used? What are some complications of sclerotherapy?
13.
Discuss EXIT procedures.
Reference(s):
Laje, P., Peranteau, W. H., Hedrick, H. L., Flake, A. W., Johnson, M. P., Moldenhauer, J. S., & Adzick, N. S. (2015). Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) in the management of cervical lymphatic malformation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 50(2), 311–314.
14.
Discuss the different treatment options of airway hemangiomas.
15.
A one-year old presents to your office with an enlarging hemangioma of the lower lip. The parents are insistent on surgical excision. How will you manage this problem?
16.
You are called to the NICU to evaluate the term newborn child with the T2 axial MRI shown. The child is not in respiratory distress, is feeding well and has appropriate vital signs for a term newborn. Describe a potential therapeutic plan.
17.
Discuss the management strategies for vascular malformations of the mandible and maxilla.
18.
Discuss propranolol vs. prednisolone for hemangiomas.
Reference(s):
Bauman, N. M., McCarter, R. J., Guzzetta, P. C., Shin, J. J., Oh, A. K., Preciado, D. A., … Puttgen, K. B. (2014). Propranolol vs prednisolone for symptomatic proliferating infantile hemangiomas: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Otolaryngology– Head & Neck Surgery, 140(4), 323–330.